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A1 - A3 uses : see Use Classes Order
Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) : Ordnance Datum is the mean sea level as recorded at
a fixed time and place.
Accessible housing : dwellings which incorporate features designed to allow
people with disabilities to gain access.
Advertisement Regulations : the Town and Country Planning (Control of
Advertisements) Regulations 1992 as amended. This identifies certain types of
advertisement as being entitled to deemed consent.
Affordability gap : in the context of housing, this is the gap between house
prices and the ability of people to buy.
Affordable housing : The range of both subsidised and market housing designed
for those whose incomes generally deny them the opportunity to purchase houses
on the open market as a result of the local relationship between income and
market price. (former Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions).
Agenda 21 : a detailed agenda for environmental action established at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development which was held in Rio de
Janeiro in June 1992 (the Rio Earth Summit). Agenda 21 was signed by
participating countries. The United Kingdom is a signatory.
Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) : the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food grades agricultural land according to its quality in terms of soil
productivity and topography. Best is classed as grade 1 and worst is grade 5.
Agricultural unit : agricultural land which is occupied as a unit for the
purposes of agriculture.
An agricultural unit may be a farm that comprises more than a single area of
land.
Airport safeguarding zone : the area falling within a certain distance of an
airport where development proposals have to be considered in the light of their
possible implications for the airport. An example would be building heights
within the flight path.
Amenity/amenities : a term which encompasses various factors related to the
well-being of people and the pleasantness of environments.
Ancient Monuments : see Schedule of Ancient Monuments.
Ancient Woodland : areas which are believed to have continuously carried tree
cover for at least 400 years.
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) : areas that are identified because of
their scenic value. AONBs are included in Part 1 of Schedule 1 of the Use
Classes Order as Article 1(5) land which entitles them to added protection by
removing permitted development rights.
Article 4 Direction : subject to approval by the Secretary of State for the
Environment, Transport and the Regions, this can be placed on an area to remove
permitted development rights, granted by the General Permitted Development
Order, which otherwise would apply. This is normally done in cases where it is
felt that the exercise of such rights could have a detrimental impact.
B1 - B8 uses : see Use Classes Order
Backland development : development which occurs to the rear of existing
buildings in a location which has no defined street frontage. The term is most
commonly used with reference to residential development.
Beachline : an area at the rear of the beach which physically defines its inland
extent. Reference in the Local Plan to the beachline is restricted to an
identified area on the Sandbanks peninsula.
Best and most versatile agricultural land : agricultural land which falls within
grades 1, 2 or 3a of DEFRA’s Agricultural Land Classification system.
Blanket Tree Preservation Order: this protects all, rather than specified
individual, trees within a given area (see also Tree Preservation Order).
Brownfield land : sites in the urban area which have had a previous use.
Building line : the existing frontage, usually in a street, defined by the
majority of buildings. An example would be the frontage of a terrace of houses.
Buildings of Local Architectural or Historic Interest : buildings identified by
the Local Planning Authority as being important to the history and character of
their local environment. Such buildings have been placed on a ‘local list’ but
are not of sufficient merit to justify being placed on the national Statutory
List.
Built Environment: a wide range of features which make up an urban area. The
Local Plan is concerned with those aspects of the built environment which relate
to form, design, layout, character, vitality and amenity.
Built heritage : the stock of historic buildings, areas and monuments within
Poole.
Bus priority : a road system specially designed to improve the speed, efficiency
and frequency of buses by incorporating measures such as dedicated bus lanes and
filter traffic lights for buses.
Building Research Establishment (BRE) : conducts research, consultancy and
testing services for construction and environmental professionals.
C1 - C3 uses : see Use Classes Order
Casual play : informal recreational areas such as greens.
Character : this term is often applied to buildings or areas and it is the
impression which they make as a result of their appearance, history, function or
vitality.
Chines : wooded valleys, which contain public paths.
Circular : documents produced by Central Government which provide interpretation
on specific areas of planning legislation. Examples quoted in Poole Local Plan
include: Circular 6/98 : Planning and Affordable Housing.
Circular 1/97 : Planning Obligations.
Coastal Zone : a strip of land adjacent to the sea which has a visual or other
relationship with the coastline. Its full extent is determined partly by
topography and so it can extend some distance inland.
Commercial areas : those parts of the Borough containing a concentration of
shops and other related activities, offices, or industry.
Community facilities : uses serving everyday welfare needs of a community such
as education, health and social facilities.
Comprehensive development : an approach to development where proposals are
generally integrated in terms of land assembly, layout, servicing and design.
The original site may be large or fragmented between different uses and so a
comprehensive approach can ensure that small parcels of land are not left
isolated.
Compulsory Purchase : the Borough Council can buy land or property to assist in
assembling land to enable the implementation of development by use of a
Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO).
Conservation Area : a designation in law for a part of an urban area which,
because of its special architectural and historic character, is considered
worthy of preservation and enhancement.
Contaminated land : sites where the ground is polluted in some way. This might
involve contained pollutants (eg within sealed and buried tanks) or could be
loose substances in the soil or ground water such as land fill.
Conurbation : see South East Dorset conurbation.
’Convenience’ shops : retail outlets serving an everyday function primarily for
local shoppers. A local butcher’s shop would be an example, as would a small
supermarket.
Conventional cargo : goods conveyed via ship holds and stored in bulk before
being transferred overland.
County Distributors : roads linking major areas of activity with each other and
with the Primary routes.
CPO : an abbreviation of Compulsory Purchase Order (see ‘Compulsory Purchase’).
Critical environmental capital : valued areas, species or resources within
the environment which are finite and generally non-renewable. Their protection
is, therefore, essential.
Curtilage : an area surrounding or attached to a building which serves the
purpose of that building in some useful way. A common example would be the
grounds of a house, including its front and rear garden.
Cycleway Network : a series of linked cycle routes.
D1, D2 uses : see Use Classes Order
Dead frontage : this is used in the context of retailing to describe building
fronts at street level which do not contain active uses like shops and are
unused (such as vacant units).
Deep water frontage : accessible areas of quayside with deep sections of water
which can accommodate large vessels.
Design Brief : A short document relating to a particular site which outlines the
planning considerations applicable in the event of development proposals being
submitted.
Design Code : a code referred to in the Local Plan prepared with the aim of
influencing the quality of development.
DETR : Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
DEFRA : Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
DTLR : Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions
Development : this includes operational development (building, engineering,
mining or other operations in, on, over or under land) and changes of use.
Development Plan : this sets out the land use planning context for an area. In
the case of Poole the Development Plan comprises the South East Dorset Structure
Plan and Poole Local Plan.
District Distributor network : a network of roads designed to connect functional
areas with each other and to the County Distributors as well as the Primary
routes.
Ecology : the interaction of people and other organisms with each other and
their environment.
Economic base : the range of industry and commercial activity. A diverse base
means that the workforce is employed in a variety of businesses and that no
single economic sector is dominant.
EIA : An abbreviation of Environmental Impact Assessment.
Employment-generating activities : uses employing a high number of people
relative to floorspace and/or which involve the extraction, processing,
manufacture or assembly of goods.
Employment land : sites which are used or are allocated for
employment-generating activities.
Employment use(s) : in the context of the Local Plan, employment uses are
generally those activities falling within Classes B1-B8 of the Use Classes Order
(see Use Classes Order).
Environment Agency : environmental regulator whose role is the protection and
improvement of air, land and water environments. The Agency has replaced the
previously separate National Rivers Authority, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of
Pollution and waste regulation.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) : some major projects are required to be
accompanied by an EIA. This analyses the likely environmental impacts before a
decision is made on the planning application. The Town and Country Planning
Environmental Impact Assessment (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 covers the
relevant procedures.
Environmental Improvement Programme : a Council budget for visual improvements
to identified areas.
Equipped Children’s Play : formal areas with play equipment serving the local
recreational needs of children.
Flat Character Areas : areas already containing a relatively high proportion
of dwellings in flats and which are suited to additional flat development of a
scale and density appropriate to the setting.
Fossil fuels : these are derived from fossilised sources - primarily coal and
oil. Upon combustion, they liberate carbon dioxide which contributes to global
warming.
Gabion : A wire basket filled with stones intended to slow down the process
of coastal erosion.
GPDO : see General Permitted Development Order.
General Permitted Development Order : the Town and Country Planning (General
Permitted Development) Order 1995 as amended. This awards permitted development
rights to certain types of development for which planning applications are not
required.
Global Warming : a widely accepted scientific prediction that global
temperatures will steadily rise as a result of the ‘greenhouse effect’. This is
an insulation process caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere - which traps heat - arising from the combustion of fossil fuels. Car
exhausts are a major contributing factor.
Green Belt : land which is designated as a means of restricting the physical
expansion of urban areas. The Local Plan defines the detailed boundary of the
Green Belt.
Green Corridors : landscaped areas usually associated with major roads or other
linear features such as rivers.
Greenfield sites : areas which have been developed, or are allocated for
development, on or beyond the edge of the existing urban area on land which has
not generally seen any previous development.
Greenhouse effect : see Global Warming.
Green Network : a connected web made up of areas of open space, tree belts,
linear routes and landscaped features. It is valuable to wildlife in terms of
habitat provision and opportunities for movement but is also visually important.
Greenspace : see urban greenspace.
Hard landscaping : landscape works made up predominantly of durable rather
than planted features such as bricks, stone or paving as well as timber or
synthetic products.
Heritage Coast : attractive or sensitive stretches of coastline. This is defined
by local authorities in consultation with the Countryside Commission but is not
a statutory designation. Its purpose is to focus attention and resources on the
planning and management of the coast.
Highway capacity : the maximum volume of traffic which roads are capable of
accommodating without leading to serious problems of congestion or hazard.
Highway Network : all routes within the road hierarchy.
Historic Parks and Gardens : areas which, due to their historic layout or
architectural ornament, are of special interest. These are designated by English
Heritage under the National Heritage Act 1983.
Holiday occupancy condition : this might be used in the case of a planning
application to convert an agricultural building into residential use and would
remove the ability to use the building for permanent residential purposes by
restricting it to holiday occupation.
Housing Association : a non-profit making organisation that provides affordable
housing, usually for rent, and maintains management responsibilities for the
housing.
Housing Corporation : set up by Central Government, this provides funding for
housing associations.
Housing land availability : the amount of land which is available for future
housing development.
Housing land supply : land which is likely to be available for housing
development, measured as a supply in years according to likely building rates.
Housing Trust : a charitable organisation involved in the provision of
affordable housing.
Housing Waiting List : a list of households who have requested, and are
eligible to be housed in, Council accommodation.
ICNIRP : International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Body
of independent scientific experts with a principal aim to disseminate
information and advice on potential health hazards of exposure to non-ionizing
radiation.
Infill development : development which occurs on plots sandwiched between
existing buildings.
Infrastructure : the supporting networks needed to service a development site
such as roads, sewers, electricity and social facilities.
KSI's : Killed or Seriously Injured. Department for Transport statistics on
road accidents.
Landmark : a building or structure which is sufficiently prominent to form a
notable feature of the townscape.
Legal Agreement : Section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 enables
local planning authorities to enter into a legally binding agreement with
developers to ensure that certain planning obligations are met by the developer.
Legally Protected Species : flora and fauna which are protected by various Acts
of Parliament, principally the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Leisure Strategy, The : this presents the Borough Council’s objectives and
policies for a broad range of leisure and recreational activities in Poole. It
was prepared under the guidance of a working party of Members, officers and
other interested groups.
Leisure/tourist attraction : see Tourist attractions.
Listed Building(s) : those structures, buildings or groups of buildings which,
because of their special architectural or historic interest, have been placed
upon the ‘Statutory List’ by the Department for Culture, Media and Sports. This
entitles buildings to special protection.
Listed Building Consent : proposed works to a listed building require listed
building consent which is granted by the local planning authority.
Local centres : areas containing shops or other facilities which serve an
essentially local catchment population. They may vary in size from a corner shop
to larger district centres.
Local Distributor Network : these roads distribute traffic within districts and
form the main connection between residential areas and the District Distributor
road network.
Local Highway Authority : the authority responsible for road maintenance and
traffic management. In the case of Poole this is the Unitary Authority of
Borough of Poole.
Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) : areas with habitats or species of conservation
interest which provide an opportunity for the public to see wildlife in natural
surroundings. These are designated and managed by local authorities.
Local Planning Authority : Borough of Poole is the authority responsible for
planning matters within the Borough.
Local Transport Plan (LTP) : a plan setting out proposals for delivering
integrated transport over a five year period which in this area will cover the
Bournemouth-Poole conurbation.
MAFF : Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
Manufacturing sector : a collective term for industries which are based upon the
processing of raw materials or the production and assembly of goods.
Natural environment : the cumulative stock of areas which contain natural
habitats or individual species of flora and fauna. Within Poole the principal
features include the coastal wetlands of Poole Harbour and the heathlands.
Network of green spaces : see Green Network.
NPFA : an abbreviation of National Playing Fields Association.
Noise Exposure Categories (NECs) : these are identified in PPG 24 (Planning and
Noise) and are classifications, ranging from A-D, of noise levels in relation to
impact upon residential properties.
Non-conforming uses (NCUs) : individual activities located in areas where the
predominant use is different.
For example, a factory in the middle of a residential neighbourhood.
ODPM : Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Open space networks : areas of public and private open space which are linked
together.
Out of Centre (Shops) : A location that is clearly separate from a town
centre but not necessarily outside the urban area. They may be large food
superstores or non food DIY retail warehouses.
Out of Town (Centres) : An out-of-centre development on a greenfield site, or on
land not clearly within the current urban boundary.
Park and Ride : a traffic management scheme designed to reduce congestion in
town centres by providing car parks on the edge of a town which are linked by
bus to the town centre.
Parking Zones : identified areas where restrictions operate to reduce the amount
of long-stay - often commuter - parking, thereby encouraging the use of public
transport and relieving congestion.
Per Cent for Art : a campaign launched in 1989 by the Arts Council of Great
Britain to encourage developers to devote a percentage of their capital costs to
some form of art work on, in, or near their buildings.
Permitted development rights : see General Permitted Development Order.
Planning obligations : see legal agreement.
Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) notes : these are prepared by the Department of
the Environment, Transport and the Regions and are a nationwide source of
Government guidance on planning matters.
Planning unit : all or part of a site or building which is used as a
self-contained unit. Consequently, there may be more than one planning unit
within a single building or site.
Plot severance : where part of the curtilage within a planning unit is
‘separated’ to accommodate a new use. Most commonly this term is applied to
applications for new houses within the grounds of existing houses.
Poole Harbour Aquatic Management Plan : a study undertaken by the University of
Portsmouth for the Poole Harbour Steering Group aimed at zoning areas within the
Harbour for certain activities based on capacity.
Poole Harbour Management Policies : these are aimed at managing conflicts
between different activities within the Harbour and are prepared jointly by the
main bodies responsible for Poole Harbour, including the Borough of Poole and
the Poole Harbour Commissioners.
Port-related use : activities which are dependent upon being located within the
port area, such as boat repairs.
Population structure : the balance of males and females and the range of ages
within the population.
Positive surface water drainage system : a method of trapping and disposing of
surface water run off. This system may be necessary for developments such as
petrol forecourts where surface pollutants could otherwise end up in ground
water.
Potentially Polluting Uses (PPUs) : processes which could cause harmful releases
to air, water or land.
PPG(s) : see Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) notes.
Primary Retail Frontage : an area where retail uses are predominant, rents are
highest and the highest concentrations of shoppers can be expected.
Primary Route Network : the main road network which links South East Dorset with
the rest of the country.
Principal Urban Area (PUA) : the main centres of population in the South West as
identified in the draft Regional Planning Guidance.
Private space : in the context of the Local Plan, these are visually screened
areas which are not publicly accessible, such as domestic rear gardens or
service yards.
Public Open Space : areas of ‘green’ publicly owned open space to which the
public have free access.
Public space : open areas which have free access to the public, such as
pavements, pedestrianised streets in the Town Centre, shopping malls and public
open space.
Ramsar sites : internationally important wetland areas used by migratory
birds. Ramsar (in Iran) is where participating countries - including the United
Kingdom - signed their agreement to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Regional Planning Guidance for the South West : this has been issued by the
Government Office to provide for the South West guidance on planning matters.
Regulation 7 Direction : a measure contained in the Advertisement Regulations
which, once approved by the Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport
and the Regions removes deemed consent rights for certain types of
advertisement.
Relief Road : a road constructed for the purposes of relieving congestion and
increasing highway efficiency by separating through traffic from local vehicular
movements.
Retail core : an area of primary retail frontage.
Rio Earth Summit : see Agenda 21.
Road hierarchy : a method of grading roads according to their function and
capacity.
Roll-on, roll-off freight : the loading and transferring of contained freight
in vehicles - usually in articulated trucks - which drive onto the ship and then
drive off at the destination port.
Safeguarded land : land which is not formally allocated for development
pending the outcome of a given issue.
Schedule of Ancient Monuments : a national list of structures and monuments
worthy of protection due to their historic significance. The list is drawn up by
English Heritage.
Secondary Retail Frontage : retail areas where rents tend to be lower than in
the core. Secondary areas are characterised by uses such as specialist shops and
building societies.
Section 106 Agreement : see Legal Agreement.
Semi-private space : usually private open areas which provide a visual
transition between buildings and public spaces (for example, forecourts and
front gardens).
Service sector : a collective term for jobs which are based upon the provision
of a service.
It includes office employees, retail workers and leisure-based staff.
Sheltered accommodation : housing for elderly residents.
Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCIs) : areas with flora and fauna of
county-wide importance, designated by the SNCI Panel of the Dorset Wildlife
Trust.
Site(s) of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) : sites of national or
international importance due to their flora, fauna or geological features which
are designated by English Nature.
Small firms : businesses in small premises with only a few staff.
South East Dorset Conurbation : the continuous built-up area made up by Poole,
Bournemouth and Christchurch.
Special Areas of Conservation : SACs will cover habitats of international
importance but can only be (SACs) designated once the EC Directive on the
Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Flora and Fauna comes into force.
Special Protection Areas : internationally important habitats containing
sensitive species. Members of (SPAs) the European Community are required to
designate appropriate areas as SPAs by the EC Birds Directive.
SSSI : see Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
Statutory List : prepared by the Department for Culture, Media and Sports, this
is a list of structures or buildings which are of special architectural or
historic interest.
Stevedoring : the handling of conventional cargo. In Poole this is undertaken by
the Poole Harbour Commissioners.
Strategic gap : often mentioned in relation to Green Belt. This is usually a
wedge of open land which separates developed areas.
Street scene : the character established by the sum of all individual buildings,
features and spaces within a street.
Strong built edge : used mainly with reference to the waterfront, this is where
the scale and townscape importance of sites and their surrounding areas require
a prominent and good quality building to define a clear visual edge.
Structure Plan : unless otherwise stated, this will be the South East Dorset
Structure Plan (First Alteration) 1990 which was prepared by Dorset County
Council. This sets the strategic planning framework for South East Dorset.
Sustainability : the aim of making efficient use of resources in a manner which
protects the best of today’s environment. Sustainable development involves
directing particular uses to the optimum sites and safeguarding finite resources
so that important elements in the natural environment are protected, the need to
travel is reduced and, in turn, global warming is controlled.
Sustainable development : see Sustainability.
Temporary uses : the use of a site for a limited period.
This Common Inheritance : the title of the 1990 White Paper which states Central
Government’s environmental objectives.
Tourism assets : established features that are part of Poole’s character and
attract tourists, such as natural scenery, good beaches and historic areas.
Tourism Zones : in Poole there are two main areas which have traditionally
attracted tourists to Poole: the core of the town incorporating the Quay, Old
Town and High Street; and the beaches from Sandbanks to Branksome Dene Chine.
These have been identified as Tourism Zones in the Local Plan.
Tourist attractions : facilities and activities which serve tourists visiting
Poole. The gardens at Compton Acres and Tower Park Leisure Complex would be
examples.
Townscape : the character of the built environment as defined by: the scale,
layout and design of buildings; the compatibility of buildings with each other;
the relationship of buildings with other features such as open space, the coast
or distant views; and the quality and vitality of focal areas such as town
squares.
TPO : an abbreviation of Tree Preservation Order.
Traffic calming : a traffic management tool which reduces the speed of vehicles
and discourages through traffic.
Traffic management : the process of identifying problems arising from congestion
and hazard on the highways and providing measures to minimise these, for example
by the use of traffic lights, pedestrian crossings or traffic calming.
Transport Interchange : the location where a number of different types of
transport terminate and begin their routes. For example, a combined bus and
train station.
Transport Node : see above
Tree Preservation Order (TPO) : a legal tool for protecting trees. It is an
offence to carry out works to a tree protected by a tree preservation order
without prior permission from the local planning authority.
Trot Moorings : Poles attached to sea bed from which boats are tethered.
Tree survey : a plan survey plotting all trees on a site and providing details
about them.
Trunk Road : roads which are of national strategic importance and high
capacity that link key destinations.
Urban Design : the process of influencing the visual and functional quality
of new development so that it respects and relates to important features within
the environment and enhances the locality.
Urban Green Environment : green open space - such as playing fields, woodland
and landscaping - within the urban area.
Urban greenspace : green features - such as parks, playing fields or tree belts
- which provide some landscape amenity and/or recreational benefit. These need
not be public or accessible spaces.
Urban fringe : an area on the edge of towns which contains a mix of uses sharing
both urban and rural characteristics.
Urban Open Space : public or private open areas within towns including both
formal and informal spaces.
Urban Ecology : habitats of plants and animals within towns and other built up
areas.
Urban Traffic Control (UTC) : the regulation of vehicular flows within urban
areas by a system of signal controlled junctions. This increases the existing
highway capacity by reducing congestion and can reduce delays, noise, fuel
consumption and exhaust pollution.
Use Classes Order : the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987. This
lists related uses in classes and permits the change of use between uses within
each class. The definition of the classes is as follows:
PART A
Class A1 : shops, post offices, hairdressers, travel agents, etc. The sale
of hot food is excluded.
Class A2 : financial and professional services which are provided principally
to visiting members of the public, such as banks, building societies and
estate agents. Class A3 : use for the sale of food or drink for consumption on
the premises or of hot food for consumption off the premises.
PART B
Class B1 : business. Use for all or any of the following purposes:
B1a: as an office other than a use within Class A2;
B1b: for research and development of products or processes; or
B1c: for any industrial process, being a use which can be carried out in a
residential area without detriment to amenity.
Class B2 : use for a general industrial process other than one falling in
any other class B use.
Class B8 : Storage and distribution uses (such as a warehouse).
PART C
Class C1 : use as a hotel or a boarding or guest house where, in each case,
no significant element of care is provided.
Class C2 : residential institutions for the provision of residential care and
accommodation for people in need of care, such as a hospital, nursing home, or
a residential school.
Class C3 : use as a dwelling house by a single household.
PART D
Class D1 : non-residential institutions such as a day nursery, library,
surgery, church, school, museum or exhibition hall.
Class D2 : assembly and leisure, including cinemas, bingo halls and sports
centres.
Viability : often used in the context of the Town Centre or local centres,
this refers to the ability of such centres to retain their character, mix of
uses and vitality by attracting sufficient custom.
Visitor management : a positive method of minimising problems associated with
tourism while simultaneously improving the quality of the tourism experience by
regulating the time, place and number of visitors. It relies upon the provision
of good facilities and information.
Vitality : this term is generally applied to areas or premises which have a
lively character as a result of the type of activity and the number of people
attracted.
W
Water Environment : various inter-related elements comprising freshwater
courses and the coastal environment. Water services have implications for the quality of the water environment and
are therefore part of it.
Water services : for the purposes of the Local Plan this term includes water
supply and drainage (including foul drainage, surface drainage and sewage
treatment). Wessex Water : a regional water company concerned with drainage and
sewerage matters.
Youth/adult outdoor play : pitches, greens and miscellaneous facilities such
as athletics tracks and training areas. |
